Hardy-Weinberg Mathematical Modeling

AP Bio LO 7.5.A Describe the conditions under which allele and genotype frequencies will change in populations.

AP Bio EK 7.5.A.1 The Hardy–WeinbergEquilibrium isamodelfordescribing and predicting allele frequencies inanon-evolvingpopulation.Conditionsforapopulation or an allele to be in Hardy–Weinberg
equilibrium are: i. Alargepopulationsizeii. No migration iii. No new mutationsiv. Random mating v. No natural selection These conditions are never met, but they provide a valuable null hypothesis.

AP Bio EK 7.5.A.2 Allele frequencies in a nonevolving population can be calculated from genotype frequencies

HS-LS3-3. Apply concepts of statistics and probability to explain the variation and distribution of expressed traits in a population. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on the use of mathematics to describe the probability of traits as it relates to genetic and environmental factors in the expression of traits.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include Hardy-Weinberg calculations.]

HS-LS4-3. Apply concepts of statistics and probability to support explanations that organisms with an advantageous heritable trait tend to increase in proportion to organisms lacking this trait. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on analyzing shifts in numerical distribution of traits and using these shifts as evidence to support explanations.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment is limited to basic statistical
and graphical analysis. Assessment does not include allele frequency calculations.]

HS-LS4-4. Construct an explanation based on evidence for how natural selection leads to adaptation of populations. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on using data to provide evidence for how specific biotic and abiotic differences in ecosystems (such as ranges of seasonal temperature, long-term climate change, acidity, light, geographic barriers, or evolution of other organisms) contribute to a change in gene frequency over time,
leading to adaptation of populations.]

HS-LS4-5. Evaluate the evidence supporting claims that changes in environmental conditions may result in: (1) increases in the number of individuals of some species, (2) the emergence of new species over time, and (3) the extinction of
other species. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on determining cause and effect relationships for how changes to the environment such as deforestation, fishing, application of fertilizers, drought, flood, and the rate of change of the environment affect distribution or disappearance of traits in species.]